Tuesday, December 24, 2019

has picked up from examinations centred upon...

has picked up from examinations centred upon Shakespeares dramatization and Byrons verse or more all†¦ the extensive hearted progressivism of nineteenth-century English legislative issues. The disaster, as Tagore saw it, originated from the way that what was genuinely best in their own particular development, the maintaining of pride of human connections, has no spot in the British organization of this nation. If in its place they have made, stick under control, a rule of lawfulness, or at the end of the day a policemans principle, such a joke of civilization can assert no appreciation Rabindranath defied the determinedly patriot structure that the autonomy development frequently took, and this made him forgo taking an especially†¦show more content†¦In the novel, Nikhil, who is enthusiastic about social change, including ladies liberation, however cool to patriotism, steadily loses the regard of his vivacious wife, Bimala, in light of his disappointment to be eager about against British disturbances, which she sees as an absence of energetic responsibility. Bimala gets intrigued with Nikhils patriot companion Sandip, who talks splendidly and acts with devoted militancy, and she falls head over heels in love for him. Nikhil declines to change his perspectives: I am eager to serve my nation; yet my love I hold for Right which is far more stupendous than my nation. To love my nation as a divine being is to carry a condemnation upon it. As the story unfolds, Sandip gets irate with some of his comrades for their disappointment to join the battle as promptly as he supposes they might as well (Some Mohamedan merchants are still resolute). He orchestrates to manage the recalcitrants by smoldering their pitiful exchanging stocks and physically striking them. Bimala need to recognize the association between Sandips energizing nationalistic assumptions and his partisan - and at last brutal activities. The sensational occasions that accompany (Nikhil endeavors to help the victimized people, taking a chance with his life) incorporate the close of Bimalas political sentiment. This is a troublesome subject, and Satyajit Rays lovely film of The Home and the World splendidly carries out

Monday, December 16, 2019

System integration Free Essays

string(194) " the transportation processes that are part of the end-to-end logistics business processes, but they fall outside of the Army, and they are managed by the US Transportation Command \(TRANSOM\)\." The term integration is inserted in technical papers, e-mail messages, correspondence, proposals, and even causal conversations. After many years of project work, and many misunderstandings and failed meetings and workshops, it can only be stated that the word has multiple and misunderstood meanings. For technical papers (research and trade), the term must be provided with context, or it is impossible to have a meaningful conversation. We will write a custom essay sample on System integration or any similar topic only for you Order Now Next, multiple alternative definitions (that are valid in the literature for the appropriate context) are presented and explained in some detail. Research limitations/implications – The paper is not exhaustive, since new definitions of integration may exist or may emerge. Originality/value – The main contribution of the paper is that it yields clarity on a key term that is frequently used in information systems research. The paper is useful to any researchers or practitioners who are focused on enterprise system implementation. Keywords Integration, Interface management, Applications, Information systems, Research Paper type General review Introduction and importance Integration is a common term in the enterprise systems literature. Seldom does a meeting occur when the word is not used multiple times and often within quite technical contexts. Unfortunately, our experience is that individuals often have a different understanding of the meaning of the word. Loosely speaking, there is a general consensus that integration concerns making applications work together that were never intended to work together by passing information through some form of interface. This is certainly part of the context, but this paper argues that there is more to be said. Since the earliest days of computing, the term â€Å"integration† has been seed in both the trade and academic literature to describe a process, a condition, a system, and an end-state. Given that these competing labels have very different meanings, their indiscriminate usage is often obscure and invites confusion. For example, a sloppy conflation of process and condition encourages circular definitions that possess little explanatory power. Consider the following advertisement (Figure 1) from the Oracle Corporation and the corresponding quote from the Oracle CEO, Larry Ellison. Figure 1 is clearly an appeal for a type of integration that we call â€Å"Big l,† having all relevant data aligned with a ingle data model and stored only once. The implication is that you can place all of your data for the set of business processes listed in the middle column of Figure 1 inside of the Oracle E-Business Suite and significantly reduce total cost of ownership (TCO). In fact, the advertisement claims that Oracle saved over $1 billion USED per year by implementing Big l. And also, there are the problems with complexity and managing scope integrity across multiple data sources (Gulled and Summer, 2004). Consider Figure 2 from an unnamed company. Figure 2 shows a situation that is described in the literature as â€Å"systems integration;† . E. The interfacing of systems together so they can pass information across a complex technology landscape. We call this type of integration a form of â€Å"Little I,† and we note that this form of Little I (point-to-point interfaces) is an expensive proposition. Data must be constantly harmonize and cleansed across multiple data sources, and any changes to one system can lead to complex and costly re-testing or even re-design and coding of interfaces. Clearly, we have presented two extremes, and by and large both have been rejected by large organizations world wide. Most organizations do not want to include all of their data in one application (e. G. Oracle, SAP, Microsoft, etc. ) for a number of different reasons, but at the same time, no one wants the problems that are associated with implementations like that shown in Figure 2. There are other options. In fact there are many options, and that is the point of this paper. All of the options (including the two above) are called integration. So what is integration? As one might guess, it depends on the context, and the usage must be qualified. Big I may not achievable, and it may not even be appropriate. If Little I is appropriate, what type of Little I is appropriate, given the situation and the state of 7 Figure 2. Interfacing systems components to define an enterprise solution emerging technologies? This paper addresses those questions, and it also categorizes the most used forms of Little I in the context of enterprise system implementation. This categorization and associated discussion is essential, or it is impossible to have a meaningful discourse about application integration. Integration – Big I To establish a baseline, the following definition is proposed for integration. Integration (Big l) – integration implies that all relevant data for a particular bounded and closed set of business processes is processed in the same software application. Updates in one application module or component are reflected throughout the business process logic, with no complex external interfacing. Data are stored once, and it is instantaneously shared by all business processes that are enabled by the software application. This is a rather comprehensive and restrictive definition that revives memories of first generation enterprise resource planning (ERP). The business process implications of Big I are discussed in some detail by Gulled and Summer (2003). To preserve clarity throughout this paper, the above definition will always be referred to as â€Å"Big l. † Big I is definitely the goal of management, especially for mundane business processes. This implies â€Å"one source of truth† for those business processes that are enabled by core ERP solutions. The concept is simple: if all data are stored once and shared, then integrity issues are less likely to occur. The TCO is significantly less, since interfaces across application components are not required. Furthermore, complexity is significantly reduced. MEDS 8 Figure 3 shows how Big I relates to Little I for a simple example related to US Army Logistics. In this example, Army Logistics processes are scoped with the SAP solution as Big l; I. E. There is no interfacing across the SAP components. However, some of the logistics business processes flow outside of the Army. In this case, we indicate the transportation processes that are part of the end-to-end logistics busi ness processes, but they fall outside of the Army, and they are managed by the US Transportation Command (TRANSOM). You read "System integration" in category "Papers" The systems that support this segment of the end-to-end process are not SAP, and they are not even owned by the army. This is a classical composite application[3] and some form of Little I is must be implemented in order to preserve the integrity of the business process logic[4]. Figure 3, even though a simple picture, shows much about integration. First, it suggests that large and complex organizations are unlikely to place all of their business processes in a single application. While assertions of Figure 1 are accurate, there are at least two reasons why single instance ERP will not occur in most firms: (1) he internet opened more options for Little I; and (2) the culture and control of the internal and external system integration communities will not allow such consolidation. Like it or not, given the current state of technology, we are going to have to live with is a mixture of Big I and Little I, at least as long as the current trends continue. The reality of this situation is reinforced by the fact that the larger software providers are â€Å"opening† their products and making them more flexible for mix and match Figure 3. An example of Big I and Little I in the same enterprise opportunities with Little I. This is evidenced by such products as the Oracle Data Hubs and SAP Interweave technologies. While it is true, Just as Figure 1 shows, that the TCO could be reduced by moving to Big l, most organizations do not have the flexibility nor the desire to do that. However, this does not mean that Big I is dead. There will always be pockets of Big l; connected by Little I, to other pockets of Big l. This is not a technical assertion, but is directly related to common sense. For example, one would never â€Å"rip† a product like SAP core ERP apart and then interface it back together again. This is self inflicted main, and it can be avoided by Just implementing the product the way it was intended to be implemented[5]. Preserve the integrity of the product by implementing Big I whenever possible, and use Little I to include those components that cannot be included in the integration domain. One would never dream of separating financial from materials in an SAP implementation, and then interface it back together again. Or even worse, it makes even less sense to stand up independent SAP solutions in different divisions of a company, operating as a family or fiefdom, with the absence of an enterprise orientation. We will revisit implementation options later, but before doing that, we must further explore the options for Little I. The choice of a particular little I technology has significant implications for the types of mix and match options that are available for consideration. Integration (Little I) As previously mentioned, all forms of Little I are some form of interfacing, even though they are loosely called â€Å"system integration. † Much has been written on the subject, so we only focus on those types of Little I that are most relevant for the implementation of enterprise systems: point-to-point integration; database-to-database integration; data warehouse integration; enterprise application integration (EAI); application server integration; and business-to-business (BIB) integration. Point-to-point integration This is the most expensive form of integration. Point-to-point integration is the pair wise development of interfaces among systems. The data model of the target and source system are known, and someone (e. G. A system integrator) develops the code for passing information back and forth. Sometimes accelerator products are used, a good example being the IBM Miseries of middleware products that are now included as a part of Webster. Miseries does require writing code at both the source and target system. The approach to point-to-point integration is well known, most frequently involving changing both applications to use a middleware layer, by rewriting the transaction handling code to communicate across the two applications. The traditional model of interaction is through remote function calls. The largest problem with point-to-point integration is shown in Figure 4, a situation that Schafer (2002) attributes to a customer situation. 9 10 Figure 4. Example of point-to-point integration As the number of interfaced components is increased, the number of interfaces to be maintained increases dramatically. The TCO likewise increases. As a real example consider the financial interfaces to a Navy SAP solution that is shown in Figure 5[6]. Figure 5 is a good example of the previously mentioned case that can arise when financial are separated from materials or assets in an enterprise solution and then must be interfaced back to the ERP product, violating the integrity of the solution. While Figure 5 is reality and could not be easily avoided, the SAP product was never intended to be implemented in this way. The integrity of the product is violated by destroying the Big I that is engineered into the product. For all of the reasons previously mentioned, point-to-point integration should be avoided and only be used when there are no other options. Database-to-database integration This form of Little I, requires the sharing of information at the database level; hence, providing interoperable applications. The basic replication solution leverages features built into many databases to move information between databases as long as they maintain the same schema information on all sources and targets. There are companies that provide middleware to accelerate this process. Database and replication software are provided by companies such as Pervasive Integration Architect and Denominator’s Constellate Hub that permit moving information among many different database products with different schema. Figure 6 shows the conceptual layout for this form of Little I. While this integration procedure may work well for database applications, it does not work so well for enterprise applications. Most enterprise applications have 11 Figure 5. From defense financial and accounting services to the US Navy Pilot SAP implementations Figure 6. Conceptual layout for database-to-database 12 multi-tiered architectures, where even though the applications reside at a separate tier, the business process logic is â€Å"bound† to the master data. So, if one simply passes information at the database level, it is easy to create data integrity problems. Enterprise software vendors typically publish application program interfaces (Apish) that allow interfacing at the application level, and it is best to use these Apish. If you update the database without using the Apish, then you are violating the Big I that is engineered into the product, and integrity problems are a likely result. See that Anonymous (1999) article in enterprise development where some of these difficulties are discussed within the context of interfacing with SAP’s R/3 product. For enterprise implementations, this form of Little I should be avoided. Data warehouse integration This form of Little I is similar to database-to-database integration, but instead of replicating data across various databases, a single Martial database† is used to map the data from any number of physical databases, which can be various brands, models, or schema. In other words, a new data warehouse is created, and information is aggregated from a number of sources, where it may be analyzed or used for report generation. The effectiveness of this approach depends on the sophistication of the tools that are used and the quality of the data that is pulled from the various sources. Once the data are aggregated, reporting is straight forward; however, if business process logic must be applied to the aggregated data, then that logic must be created at the data warehouse level. The basic layout for data warehouse integration is shown in Figure 7. Figure 7. Conceptual view of data arouses integration If the integration is at the database level, the same problems associated with database-to-database integration that were mentioned above still apply. If the integration is at the application level, then data warehouse integration is similar to point-to-point integration, and the problems with that approach also apply. This form of integration is quite popular, even though it is expensive to maintain. The reason that data warehouse integration is popular, is that it allows all parties involved to maintain their individual stove-piped environments while sharing selective data in a auteur environment. In short, one is trading Big I for autonomy. An example of a large data warehouse integration effort in the US Army is shown in Figure 8. The logistics integrated database (LIDS) contains aggregates information from many stand-alone systems, with the objective of providing enterprise-level analytics. As the fugue indicates, the input data are aggregated from many sources, and output data are pushed to many sources. Constant cleansing and harmonistic is required in order to avoid integrity problems. Many enterprise solutions, like those from SAP and Oracle, use data warehouse lotions for reporting and enterprise analytics. However, this static view of enterprise data are not the same as Big l. Even if the concept is extended to include a federated query capability with the data warehouse being a virtual repository of metadata, this is still no substitute for Big l. However, the big problem, as previously mentioned, is the maintaining of business process logic at the data warehouse level. While this option preserves organizational autonomy, it is indeed costly. The data that are pushed into the warehouse must be constantly monitored for quality, and NY changes in any one of the target or source systems create significant testing and/ or additional coding problems. 13 Figure 8. A conceptual view of the LIDS 14 Figure 9. Hub and spoke architecture for enterprise application integration Enterprise application integration EAI is the sharing of data and business process logic across hetero/homogeneous instances through message-oriented-middleware (MOM). EAI may be managed by packaged vendors (e. . SAP and Oracle) or through solutions provided by third party vendors (e. G. MM, Webmasters, etc. ). EAI is sometimes called application-centric interfacing. EAI is used to connect multiple systems at the application or database levels, using a form of middleware that is sometimes called a broker. The middleware moves information in and out of multiple systems, using pre-engineere d â€Å"connectors. † The connectors are a source of competitive advantage for EAI software providers, because if a connector already exists for the target and source application, the cost of interface development can be reduced. The problems associated with point-to-point integration are reduced by adopting a hub and spoke model for sharing information. The EAI Middleware allows one to rite a single interface between each application and the middleware, instead of individually connecting each application to every other application. An example of a hub and spoke architecture is shown in Figure 9. Once the information is extracted, it is sent to a central server using some sort of messaging system, where the information is processed and routed to the target system. If there is a gap in required business process logic, the logic can be created on the central server for execution. In theory, any-to-any document swap is possible, considering the business process logic in the source and target systems. Using â€Å"connectors,† the EAI software processes messages from packaged applications, databases, and custom applications using a queuing engine. When an event occurs (e. G. A transaction in an ERP package or a database table update), a message is published to the queue about the event. Subscribers to queue access the event envelope, analyze the content, and if it is intended for processing in the target system, the envelope contains everything necessary for recreating the event in the target system. The queuing engine ensures that all events are processed in the correct sequence, ensuring transactional integrity. Many companies provide pre-packaged EAI solutions, and the market is extremely competitive. The hub and spoke model using connectors has been operational for many years, and the products have reached a mature level. However, we note that EAI is still interfacing, and while this is a significant improvement over point-to-point integration, EAI can be costly to implement and costly to maintain. The main benefits flow from being able to use â€Å"partially configured† connectors, while leverage industry partnerships which yield certified interfaces. Tremendous consolidation has occurred n recent years in companies that provide EAI solutions as the larger software providers have moved in to provide EAI solutions that interact with their Big I products. For example, SAP now supports EAI as part of its Interweave[7] solution, where previously SAP had used third party providers like IBM and Webmasters to provide EAI capabilities. It is also important to note that EAI is typically used inside the enterprise, as opposed to across the enterprise. For this reason EAI is sometimes called application-centric interfacing. The objective is to interfaces processes and share data within the enterprise. The inter-enterprise model falls under a class of solutions that are called Business-to-Business commerce, and this form of interfacing will be discussed in a later section. Application server integration This is the most sophisticated form of Little I that is discussed in this paper. Think of application server integration as the creation of a single, centralized application (logical or physical) that can provide a common set of services to any number of other remote applications. These â€Å"services† are common business objects that are shared across enterprise applications. The sharing and reuse of services is the goal of distributed objects and applications servers. Application server integration enables the enterprise by sharing services across the enterprise. The concept of application server integration is shown in Figure 10. Modern systems invoke shared objects to share business logic and interact with resources (such as databases, ERP systems, or queues). In modern ERP systems these shared objects may be more highly aggregated as â€Å"wrapped† transactions. For example, when configuring the SAP solution, one aligns transactions with process steps. A process step could be associated with one or more transactions. If the transactions associated with a process step are bundled together and â€Å"wrapped† as a web service, then they may be shared across other SAP and non-SAP components. SAP calls this aggregated object an â€Å"Enterprise Service,† and it is the basis of SAP’s Enterprise Services Architecture (SAP GAG, 2004). Application integration occurs through the sharing of business logic, as well as through the back-end integration of many different applications and resources. The application server â€Å"binds† the data from a relational or relational-object database to he common shared objects. The main advantage of application server integration is that 15 16 Figure 10. Application server integration concept the interfaced applications or components are tightly coupled to each other by sharing methods. By our assessment, application server integration is Little I, but given the limits of current technology it is the best approximation that we can provide to Big l. This is because the data integrity checks and business logic bound to the objects are always shared, and therefore, never circumvented. The SAP example is not unique. Most of the major software vendors have a similar tragedy. For example, Figure 11 shows the Oracle strategy for application server integration. The key component of Figure 11 for our discussion is in the right-center of the figure. The Oracle Application Server manages the shared objects and during runtime â€Å"Top Link manages persistence between Java objects and database tables. † At the conceptual level the integration approaches pursued by Oracle and SAP are similar. The widely accepted disadvantage of using this application server integration is that significant changes may have to be made to all source and target applications to How to cite System integration, Papers

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Accounting & Financial Management Health Brand Company

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Financial Management for Health Brand Company. Answer: Introduction As it is rightly said, Health is wealth; Blackmores is a leading natural health brand company operating in Australia New Zealand from over 80 years. Their rich experience in vitamins, herbs, nutrients and minerals encourages them to produce and deliver natural approaches to health and well being. As they are highly passionate about the natural well being, it encourages consumers to take control of their personal health and well being. An entirely new arena of naturopathic medicine was developed and slowly and steadily a number of stores were established. Maurice also pioneered the establishment of the first naturopathic college and professional associations. A lot of training programmes were organized which shaped the growth of naturopathic practitioners in the country (Blackmores Limited, 2015). The establishment of the company happened under the mentorship of Maurice Blackmore and his ideas regarding health were too high at point of time. The headquarters of the company is based i n Sydney and have strength of more than 800 employees. Blackmores was listed in the year 1985. For more than eight decades of successful development in the continent of Australia. It needs to be noted that this process of entry and expansion in the Asian market is an apt strategy that will generate strong results. With the due passage of time it has enhanced its position and changed strategies with the shift in the mindset of the consumer (Blackmores Limited, 2015). Firms financials could be used to support the decisions of a range of stakeholder groups. The Annual Report contains a section which is Five Year History. This section tabulates the key figures of the Balance Sheet and Income Statement right from Sales to EPS and gives a birds eye view of the progress the company has made over years. The good performance of the company is established by the financial statements and also the future prospects are enlightened. The figures on the Balance Sheet indicate whether the share capital and Reserves have strengthened, whether the loans, liabilities and assets have increased or decreased helping stakeholders make decisions about the company performance. The Profit Loss Account helps in analyzing the incomes and expenses (Blackmores Limited, 2015). The Cash Flow Statement helps in understanding the utilization of cash for operating, investing and financing activities and also the availability of surplus cash for the company. From the numbers given in the financial statements, different types of analysis can be carried out like vertical analysis, horizontal analysis, ratio analysis, Du-Pont analysis, profitability, risk and growth analysis, SWOT analysis, PEST analysis, so on and so forth. The quality of business can be understood by the security and efficiency with which crisis have been managed by the company (Peterson Plenborg, 2012). The Reserves of the Company indicates how secure the equity shareholders are and the efficiency is established by the profitability, liquidity, leverage and such other financial parameters. Thus investment decisions, financing decisions, partnership or joint venture decisions, mergers and acquisitions are all taken based on these analysis. In short, it can be said that the financial statement is like a snapshot from where the prospective investor can look into the soundness of the company. It enables the investors to ascertain the position with ease and hence a decision or a comparison can be done with ease and flexibility (Fridson Alvarez, 2002). Overall various information is portrayed as per the regulation and other disclosures are also available that helps to know about the true value. It is a known fact that Ratio Analysis helps in understanding the trends in the financial figures; it would still be pertinent to note that all the figures used for analysis are historical figures (Parrino et. al, 2012). There is no certainty that the same results will get repeated in the future. It can only be used as a starting point to get a fair degree of expectation about future results. Due to this ability, it might not be wrong to say that an investor sees the financial statements that the management and auditor are willing to show them. Though all the figures might not be manipulated due to the strict compliance with laws and regulations, but still there could be cases where the profits are growing but the company is actually falling and vice versa (Hitchner, 2013). Thus there are a few limitations of the financial statements and an investor is expected to be aware of the same. Identification of the key assets, liabilities, equity, incomes and expenses that impact the positions and performance On an analysis of the Balance Sheet it can be understood that the current assets and current liabilities have seen a significant increase and hence can be termed as key assets. The key assets include property, plant and equipment, investment property, goodwill, intangible assets, etc. Moreover, the current assets include cash and bank balance, receivables, inventories, etc. Secondly, the key liabilities include trade payables, provisions, interest bearing liabilities, etc. Cash and bank balances are the actual figures as on the balance sheet date as this is the most liquid asset and has a very short maturity of less than three months (Brigham Daves, 2012). Receivables are measured at the current recoverable amounts less any provision for bad and doubtful debts. Inventories are measured and stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The proportion of fixed and variable overheads for moving of inventories is charged to the same using the most appropriate method. Trade and other payables include the sundry creditors and also Net GST Payable to the taxation authorities. Under Current Tax Liabilities, Income Tax expenses represent the amount of taxes currently payable and the movements in deferred tax. Both current tax and deferred tax form a part of the profit and loss account except where they have been directly recognized in equity or business combinations. Provisions are recognized when there is a current obligation that has arisen from a past event and there is a likely certainty of the liability becoming materialized in the near future. Reserves includes the Equity settled employee benefits reserve which is due to the grant of options to Executives and employees, Cash Flow hedging reserve recognizing the effective gains or losses from the cash flow hedges and foreign currency translation reserve which arises due to the translation of the exchange differences on monetary items (Gibson, 2008). Revenues are measured at the fair value of the consideration received or to be received and are reduced by the amount of estimated customer returns (Brigham Ehrhardt, 2011). Thus a few points on the accounting policies followed by the management for the recognition of significant assets and liabilities have been discussed. Trends and comparisons with benchmark indicators An increasing or growing trend is observed from the year 2015 in all the ratios. The results for the year 2016 will show if the same momentum is being continued or not. The trend has been positive because the group sales enhanced by 36% as compared to the previous year. Moreover, the net profit after tax clocked at $46.6 million that is 83% more than the previous year. The decline in debt by 87% is a strong indicator that the company is using equity and reducing the burden of debt. On comparison with the peers like Asaleo Care, BWX, Vitco Holdings on areas of revenue, profitability, EPS, P/E, Dividend yield, it can be said that Blackmores has outperformed its peers in most of the areas. The comparison of the earnings, P/E and P/B Ratios with the market and sector benchmarks, also indicate that Blackmores has fared better than the industry benchmark (Graham Smart, 2012). Blackmore has undergone a vast change in the mind of consumer mindset from the orthodox pharmaceutical drugs to the recovery method that is traditional in nature that is expected to revive health without any issue of side effects. It targeted the Asian market and hence witnesses a strong potential of $US40 in this segment. The growth rate is targeted at 10% every year and is bent on crossing the Australian revenue in a short span of time. Conclusion From the above report, it can be commented that Blackmores has done a commendable job in terms of health and has increased awareness. Since, it was the first mover it has enjoyed the advantage and has stressed on a new course of activity. The penetration into the Asian market has been praiseworthy and the innovations have cemented its position firmly. Further from the above analysis it can be commented that there is no potent risk for the company and the growth will be at a strong pace. It is a company of strong fundamentals and should be on the investment list as it is bound to generate higher yields. It has stressed on the process of digital marketing that has won million of users in a short span of time. Thus the company is guided and managed under values of superior business performance, delivering quality and growth and enhancing the industry leadership position. References Blackmores Limited. (2015). Blackmores Limited annual report 2015, Retrieved August 20, 2016, https://flipflashpages.uniflip.com/2/41140/355972/pub/html5.html Brigham, E. Daves, P. (2012). Intermediate Financial Management. USA: Cengage Learning. Brigham, E.F. Ehrhardt, M.C. (2011). Financial Management: Theory and Practice (13th ed.). USA: Cengage Learning. Fridson, M.S. Alvarez, F. (2002). Financial Statement Analysis: A Practitioner's Guide. USA: John Wiley Sons. Gibson, C.H. (2008). Financial Reporting and Analysis (11th ed.). USA: Cengage Learning. Graham, J. Smart, S. (2011). Introduction to Corporate Finance: What Companies Do (3rd ed.). USA: Cengage Learning. Hitchner, J.R. (2013). Financial Valuation: Applications and Models. USA: John Wiley Sons. Parrino, R., Kidwell, D. and Bates, T. (2012). Fundamentals of corporate finance. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Petersen, C., Plenborg, T. (2012).Financial statement analysis. Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Peterson Drake, P., Fabozzi, F. (2012).Analysis of financial statements. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.

Saturday, November 30, 2019

Threats To Our Ocean Fisheries Essays - Fisheries,

Threats To Our Ocean Fisheries Threats to Our Ocean Fisheries Most people are familiar with the problems of the blue whale, efforts to save endangered sea turtles, and the many tragic tales of dolphins dying in tuna nets. Many people do not realize the extreme danger that tuna and many other fish face. There is an alarming decline in fish populations, and this poses a dangerous threat to life in the ocean. If fish decline, so does the sea, into and unstable environment. Conservation measures, and public support for them are badly needed. For decades man has taken fish out of the sea, seeming to believe that there is an endless supply, and that this supply cannot be destroyed. We take these fish out of the sea faster than they can be replaced. According to National Marine Fisheries services, 90 fish species found off the shores of the U. S. have been depleted. Many more are in danger off being killed off. Fish and shell fish that are at danger include: cod, flounder, swordfish, bluefin tuna, blue marlin, Atlantic lobster, red snapper, salmon and some species of shark. These are just a few and the list gets longer every year. The chief problem of the fish numbers being at an all-time low, is over fishing. Yet another environmental problem caused by the human race. Modern, technologically-advanced fishing fleets have the capacity to push most fish populations to the brink of extinction. Modern fishing fleets have large factory steam trawlers that can easily haul in net loads of up to 100 metric tons of fish. These vessels can work fishing grounds for many months at a time. Echo sounding has been useful to fisherman by locating and determining the species and size of fish shoals. Airplanes and helicopters are even used to detect the surface fish. Some species such as squid are attracted with strong lights and then sucked into the ship with powerful vacuum pumps. Because of these improved technologies more fish can be harvested, but about one-fourth of the global catch, ( over 20 million tons of fish and other marine animals) are discarded yearly by fisherman. Some of these fleets throw away more fish than they keep. This waste is a problem in almost every fishery. The threat of over fishing is increased be the threat of large-scale changes to marine ecosystems. Most salt water fish spend most of their time near coastal areas, but the problem is that these coastal waters are being assaulted by pollution and development. Without healthy, functioning coastal systems, fish cannot grow or reproduce, they simply cannot and will not survive. There are a number of steps that can be taken in order to conserve our waters and the fish in them. One big thing we can do is crack down on the companies and the people that are harming the environment. We could have harsher punishments for those committing crimes against our oceans, and the ocean wildlife. Another thing that could cut down on over fishing is to fine companies that over fish a large amounts and use that money to put back into our waters. If something is not done about the problems of over fishing and water pollution, permanent changes will take place in the ocean food chain. The predator-prey relationships of the ocean will cease to exist. These relationships, which took millions of years to evolve, will be destroyed. The depleting fish populations will alter and damage the genetic and species diversity of the ocean world. If we could understand the meaning of moderation, perhaps over fishing would not be a problem that our environment would have to endure. Bibliography none availible Environmental Issues

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Chinese Art Art at Court

Chinese Art Art at Court The current exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, entitled â€Å"The Emperors Private Paradise: Treasures from the Forbidden City†, reveals one individual’s very personal stamp on their environment. The retreat, designed and built by the Qianlong Emperor in a corner of the Forbidden City, demonstrates luxury, appreciation for beauty, decided ideas about beauty, and devotion to a philosophical ideal. This kind of private indulgence is rare, but not unknown elsewhere[1].Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese Art: Art at Court specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among the 90 or so objects and artifacts included in the exhibit, the Screen of Sixteen Double-Sided Panels, represents much of what is interesting about the royal owner, is preferences, and the intimate space from which the objects were taken. The screen in particular demonstrates how the interest and appreciation by one powerful person could affect iconography and fashions in decoration for many years after their lifetime The Qianlong Emperor built his Studio of Exhaustion from Diligent Service in the 18th Century, with the intention of using it for relaxation, entertainment[2], meditation, and reflection. The Emperor planned to enjoy it when he retired from active management of the Middle Kingdom. It is compactly built on a roughly two-acre plot in one corner of the palace grounds. He was able to choose whatever he liked in terms of design and decoration, and display gifts from his subjects as well. They are rare, one-of-a-kind, and expensive. Thus, the furnishing of the Studio of Exhaustion from Diligent Service reflects his own taste, rather than anything handed down from previous rulers. The screen, from the pavilion named The Building of Luminous Clouds, has a colorful and romantic story. It was a gift from a provincial governor. The Emperor liked the surface of it that featured human figures, and it was therefore displayed with that part facing outwards into the room. As a result, the other side was not seen or even known about for several hundred years. The reverse side has decorations that are just as lovely. The paintings on the surface that is best known are copies of works by an artist from the 9th century named Guanxiu. This Guanxiu was a monk in Hangzhou Province. He was inspired by a dream to paint images of the disciples of the Buddha, known as Arhats.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These figures are known in Chinese as Luohans. They are described as beings that have attained some degree of enlightenment. They â€Å"protect the faithful Buddhist†[3], until the whole human race achieves some sort of enlightenment themselves The veneration of Arhats was at its height at exactly the time that the artist Guanxiu made his depictions[4]. There was no documentation of their actual appearance, and since Gautama Buddha was from India, not China, there were no local reports about them. However, Guanxiu claimed that he had been visited with a vision in a dream[5]. He created 15 of the images based on the dream but may have used himself as the model for the 16th. The Emperor saw the paintings while visiting the region in 1757, and liked them. He ordered his staff to make copies of them[6]. He also wrote eulogies, or brief, haiku-like descriptions of each Luohans’ personality and spiritual characteristics. Accounts differ as to how the copying of the images proceeded, but sets were sent to all of the 18 provinces for display. There are stone relief copies of them remaining in situ today in several provinces of China[7]. The abbot of the temple in 1757 must have been delighted at this opportunity for publicizing the monastery and preserving its 800-plus year old treasure! With the paintings copied in stone, the images could be duplicated many tim es through stone rubbings. This seems like a remarkably innovative idea, but it apparently may have pre-dated printing in China. Stone rubbings had been used to preserve and disseminate all sorts of information and images, including Buddhist scriptures[8]. In the case of Guanxiu’s Luohans, it seems reasonable to infer that the Emperor and the abbot wanted to ensure the exact duplication of each image. This was especially true since it was believed to have been divinely inspired. In general, since art played an important moral role in China, correct copying was important[9].Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese Art: Art at Court specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These stone rubbings were copied back into painting form by the previously mentioned provincial governor. The Luohans were drawn in white on black, which is the way they would have appeared in a rubbing. This also gives them an almost cartoon-like ef fect. The eulogy written by the Emperor Qianlong appears in the upper right-hand corner. The images on the reverse are painted in gold. They look like jewelry hung on the screen. The forms of some of the plants depicted are variously contorted to fit into the space. This contortion also evokes for this viewer the action of nature and time on all living things. Others, like the bamboo in the first panel, are so realistic that they look as though one might touch them and find them living. These individual works of art were all installed together in a beautiful folding screen. It was lavishly crafted of â€Å"Purple sandalwood (zitan), lacquer, jade, and gold paint† [10]. This luxurious and flexible setting of the paintings would have allowed the Emperor to gaze at any combination of the images at once. The trees and shrubs on the reverse probably have symbolic meaning. Given the deep religious significance of the Luohans, this would be reasonable to infer. Information on their symbolism is not readily available, perhaps because their discovery is recent. However, there were traditional associations of plants noted elsewhere in the exhibit. Some sort of similar symbolism may be reflected in the screen paintings. For example, the ‘three friends of winter’, depicted in the Emperor’s heavily decorated window, are described as pine, bamboo, and blossoming plum[11]. It must be noted that within Chinese Buddhism, there were Luohan cults associated with a group of eighteen, and five hundred, as well as the sixteen. These, unlike the cult of the sixteen, are described as â€Å"not canonical†[12]. This means that they lacked the backing of scripture or religious authority. Thus, the Emperor, by commissioning the copying of the sixteen Luohans, writing eulogies for each one, and choosing to display the gift screen in a specially constructed niche, was giving his personal support to the sixteen-Arhat cult. This is very much like Michelle Ob ama dressing her daughters in J. Crew for the Presidential inaugural events, or Madonna wearing Kabbalistic symbols. That fashion, or that religious practice, becomes more popular with the population as a whole, as a result of the adoption by an opinion leader. In this way, the Emperor had the power to affect artistic and decorative choices all over the country.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Indeed, Guanxiu’s images are said to have been reproduced all over China[13]. Was this entirely the result of the Emperor’s interest? This is certainly the view of some Chinese commentators. Sets of these images were reproduced in jade, and other materials and given as highly desirable gifts[14]. The Emperor’s interest certainly did not discourage the spread of these depictions. In fact, these depictions seem to continue to be reproduced in masss might include Monticello, Thomas Jefferson’s home, and that of Frederick Church, called Olana, both designed in every detail by their owner. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2011. â€Å"The Emperor’s Private Paradise†. Joo, Bong Seok. 2007. â€Å"The Arhat Cult in China from the Seventh through thirteen centuries: Narrative, art, space, and ritual†. Joo. Much like the founder of the Shaker movement, creating religiously symbolic images from a dream. This is much like gravestone rubbings that h istory buffs make today in old cemeteries. ShanghaiCentral.com China Art†. 2011. ShanghaiCentral. East Asian Library, University of California, Berkeley. 2004. â€Å"What is a Stone Rubbing?. † Kuiper, Katherine. Culture in China, 2010. Brittanica Educational Publishing. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2011. â€Å"The Emperors Private Paradise: Treasures from the Forbidden City†. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2011. â€Å"The Emperors Private Paradise: Treasures from the Forbidden City†. Joo. Watanabe. Masako. â€Å"Guanxiu and Exotic Imagery in Rakan Paintings†. ShanghaiCentral.com. â€Å"China Art†. Watanabe, Masako. Cook, Greg. â€Å"An Emperor’s Heaven on Earth†. The Providence Phoenix. Wikipedia. â€Å"Eighteen Lohans†. Wikipedia.org. 2011. Although Wikipedia is not usually considered a scholarly source, it was the most comprehensible description of the Luohan iconography readily available that could be cross-referenced aga inst the images on the screen itself. Metropolitan Museum of Art. â€Å"†Screen of Sixteen Double-Sided Panels†. Kuiper, Katherine. The Culture of China. Kuiper Metropolitan Museum of Art. â€Å"Pair of Screens†. Metropolitan Museum of Art. â€Å"Pair of Cabinets†. Metropolitan Museum of Art. â€Å"Root wood Chair†.

Friday, November 22, 2019

Your Complete Guide to Understanding Body Language at Work

Your Complete Guide to Understanding Body Language at Work Do you have a good sense of how you come across at work to your bosses and coworkers? Sure, you might feel like you’re on top of things: you now your tasks and accomplish them well. But never underestimate the ability of your body to give off clues that you’re not as professional as you feel. You may talk a good game, but are your words being undermined by your posture? A weak-ish handshake? Nervous tics that you, umm, barely even notice? Taking control of your body language is a major part of your career, whether it’s in a job interview or your everyday work self.Here we’ve put together the best resources for understanding body language so that you can communicate the best version of yourself.What Can Strong Body Language Do for You?It may not be a skill you can list on your resume, but strong body language is something that can boost your confidence, and help you know that you’re presenting your best self. It’s a sneaky skill set that can m ake you more attuned to your surroundings, and navigate those surroundings more easily. Read on to find out how little tweaks can really make you shine:20 Extremely Easy Ways to Building Confidence at WorkOf course you only get one chance to make a first impression, but are you aware the impression starts before you even start talking? Strong body language can shine you in a positive light from your first â€Å"hello†:What Does Your Handshake Say About You?And it’s not just your body language that matters. In order to progress in the working world, you need to learn how to read cues your bosses and coworkers give off. Interpreting  others’ body language can help you diagnose problems at work and adjust your behavior in a way that’s ideal for you and your job:21 Subtle Signs Your Coworkers Hate You22 Signs Your Boss Hates YouBeing aware of what you and your coworkers are saying behind your words is a great skill to have as you navigate your career.Job In terview Body LanguageYour first chance to make a great in-person impression is in your interview. When you’re prepping your resume and your skill-supporting anecdotes, don’t forget to make sure you’re giving just as much prep time to your body language, as well. Bad body language can cost you dearly:11 Body Language Mistakes You’re Making in Your Interview21 Unprofessional Habits That Will Keep You From Getting The Job5 Reasons You Just Had a Really Bad InterviewKeep control of your nerves, study yourself in the mirror, and practice, practice, practice. Anticipate those things that will make you nervous, and give yourself a pep talk about what you will do if they come up in your interview.So how do you prepare? We can’t say it enough- like getting to Carnegie Hall, it really just involves a lot of practice. It can feel tempting to skip through it and figure you’ll just take a deep breath and relax. Really, though, body language is a skill yo u need to work on as much as answering, â€Å"So tell me about yourself.†These articles can help you target your interview prep so you’re working on all the right moves:7 Body Language Tricks For Nailing Your Job InterviewWhat to Do With Your Hands During a Job InterviewHow to Effectively Prepare for a Second Interview5 Tips to Prepare for a Job InterviewYour 3 Step Cheat Sheet on How to Get a Job7 Interview Secrets for IntrovertsBody Language for Getting Ahead at WorkOnce you’ve got the job, that doesn’t mean you can let that handshake lapse, or stop paying attention to your body language while you interact with coworkers. Rather, it’s time to shift into a more aspirational body language, and figure out how to present your best self every day, not just on special/formal occasions.If you want to be taken seriously, you need take the professionalism that might already exist in your emails, your work, and your phone manner, and extend it to your in-p erson skills. Take assessment of yourself, and then use the following information to grow and improve:Is Your Body Language Professional?21 Body Language Tips for the WorkplaceHow to Get Ahead with Body Language [Infographic]10 Body Language Tips for Success10 Simple Body Language Techniques for Career SuccessFinally, for those of you who work internationally, study up! Make sure you have the basics of pleasantries memorized so you a) don’t embarrass yourself and b) present yourself respectfully and professionally:How People Shake Hands Around the WorldWhile your skills, experience, and resume are essential parts of your professional self, be sure not to neglect your physical body language. Good eye contact and a firm handshake can be a solid entry through the door, and confident behavior just may be the key to that promotion or raise you’re seeking.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Accounting Information Systems and Control Issues Essay

Accounting Information Systems and Control Issues - Essay Example A Control Manager warrants efficient and effective exploitation of resources in an organisation so that the planned goals are achieved. It seeks to measure the divergence of actual productivity from the benchmark performance and analyses the causes of the divergence if any and renders measures to take corrective actions. Controlling has several features: As dynamic in nature, it enhances the coordination of activities taking place in an organisation and helps in the process of planning. Internal control In the context of accounting and finance, internal control relates to a process by which the structure, the flow of task and authority, the people and the management information systems are designed in a manner so as to help an organization achieve definite goals and objectives. By this operation an organization directs monitors and measures its resources. Control plays a significant part in checking and identifying fraud and defending both physical resources like land and machinery a nd intangible resources like goodwill or intellectual property (Trenerry, p.126). The objectives of internal control in an organisation would mean delivery of reliable financial reporting, opportune feedback when operational goals are achieved and conformity with rules and regulations. At the level of a specific functional department, internal control, also referred to as operational control, refers to the means by which definite objectives are achieved. For example, all the transactions that are taking place between the company and the suppliers are should be accounted for. Internal Control system is implemented over Financial Reporting to ensure accounting statements are accurate so that the financial statements are reliable (Harrer, p.2). Revenue Control Issues in FoodRUs FoodRUs, a countrywide chain of wholesale depot, supplies to the small to medium scale shops and catering businesses. The credit terms with its customers is that if a customer has good credit records then they c an buy on account. Else they are to pay 100 % cash before taking delivery of their merchandise. The company also has an online portal through which they sell their products. The main control problem that

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management - Research Paper Example As the world has entered the twenty first century, it has experienced revolutionary changes in many facets of business community. The advancements have not only come under experience in the economic, political, and social sectors but they have transformed and modernized the Industrial sector as well. With the increase in globalization, the business and organizations are emerging on a central platform and universal trade and businesses are expanding their operations to international markets. With the Industrial boom, organizations and enterprises are expanding their business operations as with the increase in world population, the demand for goods and services is escalating, and therefore, in order to meet the customer requirements and to gain a competitive edge over competitors, companies are rising (Brunsson, 2008). Whether a small organization or a giant corporation, management is one of the primary, foremost and the most significant aspect that every organization needs. The management refers to a practice or a course of action that involves successful, valuable, proficient, and competent accomplishment of set of actions and tasks via dealing with other people. Management is a process that makes the maximum use of the tangible assets through integrating couple of people or employees collectively under one umbrella in order to achieve and attain the organization’s aims, targets, missions and visions (Brunsson, 2008). The top person of the management requires a lot of devotion, commitment, determination, and hard work in order to thrive and be successful and achieve the desired outputs and results. In order to become the best or the cream of the crop, an individual should possess, widen, extend and increase their management and cross-functional leadership abilities. The primary and principal factors for any manager or an organization are to identify and evaluate the SWOT analysis that represents the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. It is vital to reveal the strengths that a person or organization possess, and enhance and refine them up. In addition, the weaknesses should come under recognition by the person or the organization so that with the help of different techniques the weakness can overcome. Organizations must try to convert the weaknesses into opportunities so that they can surmount their weaknesses and can have opportunities to grow themselves. Lastly, the threats that t hey have from their competitors present in the market should come under observation intimately and thoroughly. A successful leader develops all the attributes and elements of leadership, communication, conceptual, interpersonal, and technical abilities and proficiencies (Brunsson, 2008). Management is a theory and process that comes under practice by all institutions whether they are educational, business, or governmental and every individual being a student plays an important role in the building and progress of organizations like school and management. Management Functions Management encompasses several functions with it that includes planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating/communicating, controlling/monitoring, and budgeting. Planning is the stepping-stone in any management aspect on which the functions of management come under establishment and creation. Planning can come under implementation for any organization in order to accomplish and achieve the companyâ₠¬â„¢s mission, vision, targets and aims that the organization sets for them to flourish and generate revenues. Planning come under performance in the form of developing strategies and methods that the employee practices towards the achievement of organization’

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Hydrochloric acid and magnesium Essay Example for Free

Hydrochloric acid and magnesium Essay The temperature raised considerably on the other 4 due to the quickness of the reaction. This heat would quicken the reaction due to the fact that the molecules would be vibrating and therefore colliding more often (as explained before).   Sometimes the magnesium floated on the top of the acid. This was not a problem in most cases because the bubbles over lapped the magnesium so it also reacted from the top. However, due to the 0. 5 mole slow reaction, this did not happen. Because of all these inconsistencies, it is difficult to say how reliable my results are. I think that because the results are what I expected, and because I carried out the experiment with care, also the fact that I repeated the experiment many times makes it highly unlikely that the results are inaccurate enough to not be able to draw a valid conclusion from. Evaluation This was a good experiment because it clearly showed my prediction, and where it didnt I was able to spot the errors and am now able to make the experiment better. I worked as I kept a fairly high degree of accuracy, and the experiment had a high margin of error, due to the length of time some of the results could to take. My results were fairly accurate but my error in the rate of reaction of the 0. 5 mole acid could have been down to accuracy, but I seriously doubt it, as I asked around to see if other people had encountered the same problem. Everybody had. I have several theories of why the 0. 5 mole acid did not react as expected.   The temperature raised considerably on the other 4 due to the quickness of the reaction. This heat would quicken the reaction due to the fact that the molecules would be vibrating and therefore colliding more often.   Sometimes the magnesium floated on the top of the acid. This was not a problem in most cases because the bubbles over lapped the magnesium so it also reacted from the top. However, due to the 0. 5 mole slow reaction, this did not happen. To make my experiment more accurate I could have Weighing the magnesium instead of just measuring the length of it. This was an obvious problem as I think my spread of results for the end amount of hydrogen given off was too high. I would have preferred if it were only 1 or 2 ml. But it was 4. 33ml   Setting up another system for getting the magnesium into the acid. When I did the experiment I just dropped the acid in and attached the gas syringe as quickly as possible. The disadvantages with this were:   It was inaccurate   The start of the reaction would be when most gas was given off. The time of attaching the gas syringe was always different.   The gas syringe often jumped forward slightly when I put it on.   Repeated the experiment more times.   Used more acid. This would shop the temperature problem as the temperature would be less likely to change, due to the increase in energy it would take to heat the water. Because of all these inconsistencies, including the 0.5 mole acid result, it is difficult to say how reliable my results are. They are not accurate enough to study the experiment in-depth, however for a general hypothesis such as Aiming to find out whether the concentration of acid effects the speed at which gas is given off, between hydrochloric acid magnesium ribbon and because the results are what I expected, and I carried out the experiment with care, also the fact that I repeated the experiment many times, it is reasonable to presume that I can draw a simple conclusion like, the higher the concentration, the quicker the gas will be given off. If I were to do the experiment again I would change the way I inserted the magnesium into the flask. I think I would have a double chambered flask that would be able to have the wall removed. See diagram. I could combine this idea with the alternative way I could do the experiment, as described in my planning. The method would be to: Place magnesium and the acid in a flask, which is then plugged with cotton wool, to prevent any liquid splashing out, during the reaction. Next, the flask is weighed, then tipped up to let the reactants mix and a clock is started. The mass is noted at regular intervals, until the reaction is complete. I would use the same volumes for all the chemicals in the new experiment, as I see no good reason changing them. I would expect the graph for the result to be much the same, but obviously with different axis labels and values. For example In conclusion, the experiment did prove my prediction that the rate of reaction doubles with when the acid strength doubles. Daniel Hill 10S Rate of Reaction Between. doc Page 1 of 8 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

The Pastoral Letter :: essays research papers

Religion Paper In the pastoral letter, it declares that â€Å"basic justice demands the establishment of minimum levels of participation in the life of the human community for all persons.† This small excerpt criticizes the church as well as society though. This Catholic Framework for Economic Life represents a fundamental challenge to a "winner takes all, every person for oneself" economic ethic which leaves too many behind. It seeks to shape the national debate about how to balance our budget without further burdening the poor. It offers a different set of values. I have read the Bishops' pastoral letter, and I find myself feeling a little defensive and a little irritated at some of his principles. Some of his remarks criticize society and confuse me dearly. It is stated in the pastoral letter that when a person is marginalized or not allowed to participate in something, it is a violation of their justice. The Bishop tells us that the framework is not about political platforms or secular economic theories. Instead he says it's about the poor people who have to scrap and fight for any sort of economic freedom in this world. These are the poor people who basically have to do the dirty work in this world and are the people who are taken for granted by the more wealthy people. My question is; okay, what about them? Should we have to do absolutely everything ourselves so someone does not have to come in at night and clean up after us. Do working people have to take their own garbage out at night and vacuum their offices so someone does not have to clean up afterwards? This is in effect marginalizing the poor worker’s jobs and is violating their justice. It is a bold contradiction and one that confuses me. On the other hand, should we leave garbage everywhere so after hours people have lots of work and more jobs are then provided for people with limited skills and education? Should we pay higher wages and provide better benefits to the people who clean up after us? How much higher? Maybe they should make the same amount the normal working person makes. There are poor people who can get around this though. I remember a job a few years ago where a number of janitors at my summer job made more money than some of the actual teachers that were fairly new in the district.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Advantages ND Disadvantages of Strategic Planning

By far the most common model of how strategies are developed in organisations is based on the notion that strategies are systematically and formally planned following a set of relatively rigid steps and procedures. Some refer to this notion of strategy development as a ‘design' view of strategy. Most text books and courses on strategic management and planning have adopted and promoted the design view of strategy. There are a number of claimed advantages of developing strategies through highly structured and formal planning systems and steps in an organisation. The main advantages are as follows: First, formalised planning provides what many would term a logical and certainly a structured means of analysis and thinking about complex strategic problems. There is no doubt that strategy development is complex and formal planning systems attempt to help resolve and deal with this complexity by following a series of distinct steps and stages which the manager can follow in this complex area. Â · Secondly, it is argued that formal planning systems force managers to take a longer term view of strategic options and directions than would otherwise have been the case. In particular, the stages of environmental and competitor analysis which form a key part of most formalised corporate planning systems encompass planning horizons of three years at the minimum, and in some cases up to 20 years. Â · Formal planning systems also tend to facilitate the process of control and evaluation. So, for example, because objectives in formal planning systems are required to be specified and because strategic direction is determined in advance, the measurement of performance against these is facilitated. Another claimed advantage is that co-ordination between different functions and managers throughout the organisation can be increased with formal planning systems. This is because very often a formal planning system will require the different functions/managers to work together towards the achievement of corporate objectives in a manner specified in the corporate plan. Â · Finally, formal planning is claimed to help to motivate individuals towards the achievemen t of strategic objectives particularly where they are nvolved in the planning process and feel, therefore, that they have some degree of ownership and commitment to the process. On the other hand there can be disadvantages to formal planning as follows: Â · Firstly, formal planning can mean that strategies may not adequately reflect the people and cultural elements of the organisation. Individual managers may feel absolved from any strategic planning responsibilities, these being left to the specialist strategic planners. As a result, line managers may not feel they ‘own’ strategic plans. Formal strategic planning can also sometimes be restrictive and inflexible, particularly where the environment is changing rapidly. This may result in lost opportunities and a gradual loss of strategic fit. Â · Formal strategic planning can become very cumbersome and over-detailed requiring large amounts of analysis and information, often resulting in information overload. Â · Finally formal strategic planning can become a substitute for in that it can become an activity in its own right divorced from the actual activities and plans of the organisation. We can see that formalised strategic planning has both advantages and disadvantages. Although the design model of strategy development is still the most prevalent model in text books and most organisations, it is increasingly recognised that, particularly because of an increasingly dynamic and unpredictable environment, highly formalised and structured approaches to developing strategic plans are becoming less appropriate and effective. Planning systems now need to be more ideas-based and flexible with less formalisation and adherence to strict procedures and steps. In addition, and related to this, is the increasing emergence of strategies from various levels of the organisation rather than the top-down approach to strategic planning which tends to accompany the highly formalised and structured approaches. Probably the best approach is to have some structure to the planning process whilst remaining flexible, and above all not allowing the strategic planning process to become an end in itself.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Jessie Pope Essay

Jessie Pope was a journalist who wrote recruitment poems for the Daily Mail during the First World War. The poems she did write were positive propaganda poems for the war; her objective was to stimulate patriotism in the readers so that the men would join the forces. Pope wrote a persuasive poem where she compared war to a game. This is illustrated in the title ‘Who’s for the game?’ It shows that her attitude to war was that it was a great big event that everyone should take part in one way or another. The title is a short and punchy question inviting anyone to answer. This gives the wrong impression of the war, it is misleading and Jessie Pope – either intentionally or mistakably. Pope was ridiculed for doing this, but if she did write the actual reality of war, no one would really want to join, therefore the aim of the poem would not be fulfilled and the British army would have no chance of wining in the war. Stanza one begins again by referring to the war as a ‘game’ for the above reason and also emphasises that it is the ‘biggest’ game ever known, war is not a game where you may loose points but where it is likely to loose a limb or loose your life. By her saying war it the game, ‘the biggest that’s played,’ Jessie Pope gives a false notion in the first line and makes war sound remarkable when clearly it is not. The ‘game’ is then repeated to enforce excitement even more. Pope goes on to imply it could be a violent game, appealing to the masculine instinct whilst there is a comparison between ‘the red crashing game’ and the red blood shed in war, she makes it seem like a boxing match. Jessie Pope continues to base the poem on a game by stating: ‘Who’ll grip and tackle the job unafraid?’ This shows that Pope’s outlook on the war was it was not for cowards but men who will fight for their country and protect their families in every way they can. This is compared to a game like rugby, which was a popular sport amongst men at this time, whilst meaning who will rise essie Pope was a journalist who wrote recruitment poems for the Daily Mail during the First World War. The poems she did write were positive propaganda poems for the war; her objective was to stimulate patriotism in the readers so that the men would join the forces. Pope wrote a persuasive poem where she compared war to a game. This is illustrated in the title  Ã¢â‚¬ËœWho’s for the game?’ It shows that her attitude to war was that it was a great big event that everyone should take part in one way or another. The title is a short and punchy question inviting anyone to answer. This gives the wrong impression of the war, it is misleading and Jessie Pope – either intentionally or mistakably. Pope was ridiculed for doing this, but if she did write the actual reality of war, no one would really want to join, therefore the aim of the poem would not be fulfilled and the British army would have no chance of wining in the war. Stanza one begins again by referring to the war as a ‘game’ for the above reason and also emphasises that it is the ‘biggest’ game ever known, war is not a game where you may loose points but where it is likely to loose a limb or loose your life. By her saying war it the game, ‘the biggest that’s played,’ Jessie Pope gives a false notion in the first line and makes war sound remarkable when clearly it is not. The ‘game’ is then repeated to enforce excitement even more. Pope goes on to imply it could be a violent game, appealing to the masculine instinct whilst there is a comparison between ‘the red crashing game’ and the red blood shed in war, she makes it seem like a boxing match. Jessie Pope continues to base the poem on a game by stating: ‘Who’ll grip and tackle the job unafraid?’ This shows that Pope’s outlook on the war was it was not for cowards but men who will fight for their country and protect their families in every way they can. This is compared to a game like rugby, which was a popular sport amongst men at this time, whilst meaning who will rise essie Pope was a journalist who wrote recruitment poems for the Daily Mail during the First World War. The poems she did write were positive propaganda poems for the war; her objective was to stimulate patriotism in the readers so that the men would join the forces. Pope wrote a persuasive poem where she compared war to a game. This is illustrated in the title ‘Who’s for the game?’ It shows that her attitude to war was that it was a great big event that everyone should take part in one way or another. The title is a short and punchy question inviting anyone to answer. This gives the wrong impression of the war, it is misleading and Jessie Pope – either intentionally or mistakably. Pope was ridiculed for doing this, but if she  did write the actual reality of war, no one would really want to join, therefore the aim of the poem would not be fulfilled and the British army would have no chance of wining in the war. Stanza one begins again by referring to the war as a ‘game’ for the above reason and also emphasises that it is the ‘biggest’ game ever known, war is not a game where you may loose points but where it is likely to loose a limb or loose your life. By her saying war it the game, ‘the biggest that’s played,’ Jessie Pope gives a false notion in the first line and makes war sound remarkable when clearly it is not. The ‘game’ is then repeated to enforce excitement even more. Pope goes on to imply it could be a violent game, appealing to the masculine instinct whilst there is a comparison between ‘the red crashing game’ and the red blood shed in war, she makes it seem like a boxing match. Jessie Pope continues to base the poem on a game by stating: ‘Who’ll grip and tackle the job unafraid?’ This shows that Pope’s outlook on the war was it was not for cowards but men who will fight for their country and protect their families in every way they can. This is compared to a game like rugby, which was a popular sport amongst men at this time, whilst meaning who will rise essie Pope was a journalist who wrote recruitment poems for the Daily Mail during the First World War. The poems she did write were positive propaganda poems for the war; her objective was to stimulate patriotism in the readers so that the men would join the forces. Pope wrote a persuasive poem where she compared war to a game. This is illustrated in the title ‘Who’s for the game?’ It shows that her attitude to war was that it was a great big event that everyone should take part in one way or another. The title is a short and punchy question inviting anyone to answer. This gives the wrong impression of the war, it is misleading and Jessie Pope – either intentionally or mistakably. Pope was ridiculed for doing this, but if she did write the actual reality of war, no one would really want to join, therefore the aim of the poem would not be fulfilled and the British army would have no chance of wining in the war. Stanza one begins again by referring to the war as a ‘game’ for the above  reason and also emphasises that it is the ‘biggest’ game ever known, war is not a game where you may loose points but where it is likely to loose a limb or loose your life. By her saying war it the game, ‘the biggest that’s played,’ Jessie Pope gives a false notion in the first line and makes war sound remarkable when clearly it is not. The ‘game’ is then repeated to enforce excitement even more. Pope goes on to imply it could be a violent game, appealing to the masculine instinct whilst there is a comparison between ‘the red crashing game’ and the red blood shed in war, she makes it seem like a boxing match. Jessie Pope continues to base the poem on a game by stating: ‘Who’ll grip and tackle the job unafraid?’ This shows that Pope’s outlook on the war was it was not for cowards but men who will fight for their country and protect their families in every way they can.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

African-American Tennis Champion Althea Gibson Quotes

African-American Tennis Champion Althea Gibson Quotes Althea Gibson, a sharecroppers daughter raised on welfare mostly in New York City, learned tennis through public clubs. She rose to become the first African-American to play at Forest Hills and in the Wimbledon championships, and the first African-American to win either. Althea Gibson broke the color barrier in tennis, helping make possible the later careers of other African-American tennis players including Arthur Ashe and Venus and Serena Williams. Selected Althea Gibson Quotations I hope that I have accomplished just one thing: that I have been a credit to tennis and my country.I want the public to remember me as they knew me: athletic, smart, and healthy... Remember me strong and tough and quick, fleet of foot and tenacious.I always wanted to be somebody. If I made it, its half because I was game enough to take a lot of punishment along the way and half because there were a lot of people who cared enough to help me.I dont want to be put on a pedestal. I just want to be reasonably successful and live a normal life with all the conveniences to make it so. I think Ive already got the main thing Ive always wanted, which is to be somebody, to have identity. Im Althea Gibson, the tennis champion. I hope it makes me happy.No matter what accomplishments you make, somebody helped you.In the field of sports, you are more or less accepted for what you do rather than what you are.I knew that I was an unusual, talented girl through the grace of God. I didnt need to prove that to myself. I only wanted to prove it to my opponents. In sports, you simply arent considered a real champion until you have defended your title successfully. Winning it once can be a fluke; winning it twice proves you are the best.Most of us who aspire to be tops in our fields dont really consider the amount of work required to stay tops.People thought I was ruthless, which I was. I didnt give a darn who was on the other side of the net. Id knock you down if you got in my way.I just wanted to play, play, play.I was born too soon. Quotes About Althea Gibson Alice Marble, 1950, in American Lawn Tennis magazine: The entrance of Negroes into national tennis is as inevitable as it has proven in baseball, in football, or in boxing; there is no denying so much talent. The committee at Forest Hills has the power to stifle the efforts of one Althea Gibson, who may or may not be succeeded by others of her race who have equal or superior ability. They will knock at the door as she has done. Eventually, the tennis world will rise up en masse to protest the injustices perpetrated by our policymakers. Eventually why not now? New York Times writer Robert Thomas, jr., 1953: The lean and muscular young woman had a dominating serve, and her long, graceful reach often stunned opponents. New York Times writer Neil Amdur, 1955: She hits the ball and plays like a man. Betty Debnaun, principal of the new Althea Gibson Early Childhood Education Academy, 1999: Its only fitting to name the school after a woman as great as Althea Gibson. She excelled in everything she did. Shes a living legend. New York Times writer Ira Berkow: She was the Jackie Robinson of tennis, being first and doing it with so much pride and dignity. But she was also not like Jackie in that she never came out aggressive. Venus Williams, 2003: I am honored to have followed in such great footsteps. Her accomplishments set the stage for my success, and through players like myself and Serena and many others to come, her legacy will live on.

Monday, November 4, 2019

A Literature Review About Mecication Errors Essay Example for Free

A Literature Review About Mecication Errors Essay ? An error rate of 5% is acceptable in most industries, however, in the health care industry; one single error can result in death. (Berntsen, 2004, p5) This paper discusses medication errors in relation to pharmacology and drug treatment. It will summarize three academic peer reviewed journal articles, followed by general information in relation to medication errors, the impact of medication errors on client care, strategies to prevent medication errors  and conclude with the relationship to nursing. Summary of Articles Related to Medication Errors. The first article is by Karin Berntsen, 2004, and is entitled â€Å"How Far Has Health Care Come Since ‘To Err is Human’? Exploring Use of Medical Error Data†. This is a review of what changes have been made since a medication error report written by the Institute of Medicine was published in 1999. This article depicts how the health care system has changed since this 1999 report was written, and how the information was utilized for our benefit. They concluded that in the USA, medical errors were one of the top 8 leading causes of death. They reported the cost for these errors was between $17 Billion to $29 billion dollars. Until a new report is completed, health care providers will be unaware whether their goals in increasing patient safety were accomplished. The article finalizes that there has been progress in regards to prevention of medication errors and health care leaders feel passionate about increasing patient safety. (Berntsen 2004) The second article is by William N. Kelly, 2004, and is titled â€Å"Medication Errors: Lessons Learned and Actions Needed† and highlights the death of a one year old child who was diagnosed with cancer. She subsequently died, not from the cancer, but from receiving an incorrect dosage of a drug that she was being treated with. This report indicates that medications are systematically checked and balanced and errors are usually caught before a drug is administered to a patient. The article states that problems are not being solved in a timely manner since the industry has been â€Å"putting ‘band aids’ on problems that need ‘major surgery’.(Kelly 2004). In conclusion, the article questions whether or not they are taking the right approach in preventing errors. Many people are trying to fix this problem however; errors are still made too frequently. (Kelly 2004) The final article is by Rosemary M. Preston, 2004, and is titled â€Å"Drug Errors and Patient Safety: A Need for Change in Practice†. This article presents that errors continue to happen for many reasons. It concentrates upon calculations errors, lack of knowledge of drugs, over/under dosing drugs,  interactions with drugs and food, and legalities regarding drug administration. It also presents recommendations to minimize the risk of drug errors with good communication and honesty. The article closes by stating that â€Å"nurses should never estimate the skills needed for safe administration of medicines.† (Preston 2004) Key aspects: medication errors and their causes. To understand the impact that medication errors have on a patient, we have to understand what a medication error is. According to Health Canada online, a medication error is defined as: Any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient, or consumer. Such events may be related to professional practice, health care products, procedures, and systems, including prescribing; order communication; product labelling, packaging, and nomenclature; compounding; dispensing; distribution; administration; education; monitoring; and use.† [Developed for use by the National Coordinating Council on Medication Error Reporting and Prevention]( http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/index.html) Medication errors occur for a variety of reasons. An error can affect all areas of a health care facility from health care management, staff, physicians, pharmacy and especially patients. Studies have indicated that errors will usually occur when the staff demonstrates signs of fatigue, stress, are over-worked or encounter frequent interruptions and distractions. When physicians display bad handwriting, ineffective communication with patients, and do not educate staff and patients effectively, a medication error is more likely to happen. Poor management can result in more medication errors when there is an emphasis on volume, over service quality. This results in inadequate staffing and disorganization. Medication errors affect all components of the health care environment. (http://www.napra.org/docs/0/95/157-/166.asp) As disturbing as it sounds, one miniscule error can result in a patient’s injury or can even lead to their death. According to the American Journal of Medicine, statistics reveal that â€Å"more than two million American hospitalized patients suffered a serious adverse drug reaction in relation to injury within the 12-month period and, of these, over 100,000 died as a result.† http://www4.nationalacademies.org/news) Death and injury is a sad reality to any single error. The government established six rights of drug administration to prevent medication errors and ensure accuracy. These six rights include: Right drug, right dose, Right client, right route, right time and right documentation. (Kozier & Erb 2004) Injuries that result from a medication error are called adverse drug events. Usually, these unpleasant effects can be eliminated and injury can be avoided. However, every drug produces harmful side effects, but the severities of these effects vary from individual to individual. These side effects also depend on the drug and the dose given. (Kozier & Erb 2004) Health care professionals must report all errors and are accountable for their actions. No matter how insignificant, nurses are taught to document and report all mistakes. When statistics show what types of errors are made, an analysis can be done. This analysis can be used to plan ways to prevent them medication errors. (Berntsen, 2004)When a nurse does not report a mistake, the probability that it will happen again will increase. Medication errors have a huge impact on client care. They can result in death, injury, and result in unwanted effects of drugs. It is our responsibility as nurses to comply with the clients’ six rights of drug administration, to prevent errors from taking place. Strategies to prevent medication errors. There are many efficient ways to prevent nurses from making an error. To ensure patient safety in all aspects of client care, nurses are taught to think critically, and to problem solve. Nurses use critical thinking to ensure safe, knowledgeable, nursing performance and they must be able to keep up with updated health facts by constantly educating themselves with new information. (Kozier & Erb 2004) Critical thinking assists in the prevention of medication errors. The six rights in drug administration help prevent medication errors from occurring. It is important to maintain the highest standards of practice of these rights for a drug to be prepared properly. Failure to adhere to any one of these rights will definitely result in a medication error. (Clayton & Stock, 2004) Take your time when preparing medications and research any unknown drugs. Rushing should be avoided when preparing, administering and reading medication labels. Proper research must be done before an unfamiliar drug is administered it to a client. Even when in a rushed emergency situation, drugs should be looked at carefully to know the correct concentration and name of the drug, to prevent injury. (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/index.html) Labels should be read carefully and accurately. Before a drug is given to a patient, three checks should be done to ensure you are giving the proper drug and dose. In a situation where you are unsure of a drug order, you are expected to refuse the order and clarify it by law. If an individual is unfamiliar with a particular drug, the drug should not be given. (http://www.napra.org/docs/0/95/157-/166.asp) When a label is unclear, do not try not to examine the drug order yourself. Do not ask an associate, or ask for anyone else’s interpretation of the drug. To get the correct information, contact the individual who ordered the drug to clarify the label. In order to decrease the chances of error, verify all unclear hand writing, abbreviations, decimal points, decimal places and dosages. (http://www.napra.org/docs/0/95/157-/166.asp) Use of dosage abbreviations should not be used to avoid drug miscalculations. Dosage abbreviations are misinterpreted more often, than any other type of abbreviation. Using standardized abbreviations, would assist in preventing misinterpretation of abbreviations. (Preston 2004) A drug check should be done three times prior to the administration of a drug. The drug label should correspond with the physician’s orders. The three checks should be done; â€Å"Before removing the drug from the shelf or dosage cart, before preparing or measuring the actual prescribed dose, and before replacing the drug on the shelf or before opening a unit dose container, just before administering a dose to a patient.† (Clayton & Stock, 2004) Do not make assumptions regarding drugs. Physicians, pharmacists, make mistakes and other parts of the health system may be flawed. For example, when documentation shows the patient has no drug allergy, it is wrongful to assume the patient will have no adverse reaction to a new drug. This could result in detrimental results to a client’s health. Therefore no assumptions should ever me made. (http://www.ismp.org-/ToolsAllina-Orientation.html) A quiet environment for preparing medications will prevent prescription errors from occurring. Sometimes, nurses are repeatedly interrupted when preparing a medication. Distractions interfere with processing information and decision making. Errors will least likely occur when preparations are done when there are no distractions. (http://www.ismp.org-/ToolsAllina-Orientation.html) When preventing errors, staff must be certain all dosage calculations are correct and clarified. It may be beneficial to ask a colleague to assist you in checking doses, to minimize the chance of miscalculations. Other suggestions to minimize error include; â€Å"making pre-calculated conversion cards, always use a leading zero before a decimal, never use a zero after the decimal and include indications whenever possible. Miscalculations are preventable if proper methods of inspecting calculations are used.† (Preston  2004, p.72) Assess for the effects of drugs to avoid harming a client. A client must be assessed before and after a drug is given. For instance, before giving an oral medication, assess whether the client can swallow or feels nauseated. An appropriate follow up should be done after a medication is administered. It is important to check if the client experienced the desired effect of the drug. Significant abnormal responses to drug should be reported to the physician. (Kozier & Erb 2004) To finalize this assignment, medication errors are mistakes that can cause harm to patients and can even result in death. The articles that have been summarized illustrate situations where medication errors have occurred and review what the health care industry is doing to prevent errors. A medication error is preventable and errors can be caused by a variety of reasons. This paper has discussed the impact medication errors have on client care and strategies of how to prevent errors from occurring. As a nurse, this knowledge will assist me in keeping beneficence a priority for client care. Clayton, Bruce D., BS, RPh, PharmD, and Yvonne N. Stock, MS, BSN, RN. Basic Pharmacology for Nurses. 13th ed. United States of America: Mosby, 2004. Government of Canada Online. (2004, Summer). Retrieved July 18, 2004, from Health Canada Web site: (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/index.html) Kelly, William N. â€Å"Medication Errors.† Professional Safety 49: 35. Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Assiniboine Community College. 22 July 2004 . Government of Canada Online. (2004, Summer). Retrieved July 18, 2004, from Health Canada Web site: (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/index.html) Kozier & Erb, Barbara, et al. Fundamentals of Nursing. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004. Minimizing Medication Errors. (n.d.). In NAPRA: National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities. Retrieved July 17, 2004, from NAPRA: National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities Web site: http://www.napra.org/docs/0/95/157/166.asp Preston, Rosemary M. â€Å"Drug errors and patients safety: the need for a change in practice.† British Journal of Nursing (BJN) 13: 72. Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Assiniboine Community College. 22 July 2004 . A Literature Review About Mecication Errors. (2016, Jul 22).

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Service change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Service change - Essay Example The effectiveness of the medication, the dosage of the medication, and whether or not the patient receives the medication at all affect the way a medication is perceived by the patient. The errors that have been identified have been those related to the inaccuracy of the dosage level and ensuring the appropriate people receive the correct medications. The effects of these errors have been the discontinuation of several medications, such as in the case of medication that treats Atrial Filibration. The patients that were receiving prescribed doses of amiodrone, flecainide, andsotalol took their care in to their own hands when they started receiving â€Å"adverse effects† from these medications. With dosage modification the medication could have been beneficial. The adherence to proper distribution Dosage level influence real and perceived pharmaceutical benefits. If medication is misdiagnosed it affects how well the medication treats the imbalance, and may have an impact on how a patient feels physically from day to day. A Study that was recently completed in Australia described how older Australian were receiving antidepressant medications that treats conditions that were different from the conditions that the patients were actually experiencing. This is a prime example of what causes the discontinuation of potentially useful medication that has been given a false perception due to being in the hands of patients it was never meant to treat. One of the most effective marketing tools is word of mouth. This is a tool that can either generate a frenzy of referrals or a significant negative impression depending on the results of the medication. The cause of the distribution errors generated by the nurses have been due to distractions. The distractions are from the hospital staff in general and the doctors in particular. The doctors are distracting the nurses with questions pertaining to the state of being of the patients

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Advantages of using solar cells Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Advantages of using solar cells - Research Paper Example The environment has become a big issue around the whole world. During the last decade, it started to change quickly. The earth is becoming warmer and because of that, there are a lot of natural problems and disasters around the world.This is called global warming. People on earth caused this change in temperature. Further, people need energy in their daily lives. They need electricity, fire, hot water, heating and cooling. To produce energy that is enough for all of these activities, we need fossil fuels and coal. All the countries around the world use these two fuels to make electricity and to heat water or air. Many rich countries depend on countries in the Middle East to give them fossil fuels like oil and gas to be able to serve their people. Countries around the world have been using these forms of energy production almost for a hundred years now. The people on earth are increasing every day, and their needs of energy are also increasing. The price of making energy in the old wa ys is also becoming higher and higher. In the past, the effects of the use of fossil fuels and coal were not known. However, we now know what we are doing to our world and to our future generations. Therefore, we have to do something to change this. Many countries and governments have started to look for new technologies for energy production. These new energy technologies should be good for the environment. They should not make our problem worse and they should be cheap. One of the new energy technologies is solar energy.... For instance, nuclear plants, which are referred to as a clean source of energy by some people, produce waste that is very harmful to human beings and the environment. The United States actually faces a serious problem because there are no facilities to store and process nuclear waste. This will be a problem in future as more and more nuclear waste is stored in the nuclear plants themselves. Coal fired plants also produce ash waste that is very dangerous to the health of human and animals. Some of this waste was used in the past to produce building equipment, but these products were found to be harmful as well. Moreover, even hydro plants can make problems for the wildlife and put waste into rivers and lakes. On other hand, solar cells only use sunlight to produce power. There are basically no byproducts or waste from the solar plants. The only waste may be in the form of damaged solar cells. However, the damaged solar cells are usually reprocessed to produce new cells. For example, Doug Smock wrote â€Å"Solar Plane Takes Flight† in 2010 in Design News to show the first solar airplane. The author shows how the airplane was built using over ten thousand solar cells to power it and reduce waste from fossil fuel airplanes (Smock 45). This is an example of how solar cells can be used as an alternative clean energy source as compared to fossil fuels. In addition, pollution from the old energy sources has become an important issue of debate as many scientists have confirmed that our planet is warming very quickly. Solar cells give a good solution to the issue of pollution because they produce no emission into the air. â€Å"Solar energy is one of the cleanest energy resources that does not